In text referencing
Why reference?
to
acknowledge the author of the idea or thought that you have made reference to
in your assignment.
to indicate
to the reader your source of information in order for the reader to validate
the information.
to add value
to your own work by using information, facts and figures that has come from an
experts or an authoritative knowledge source.
to
demonstrate the range of ideas and approaches to the topic that you have
accessed
to add value
to your own work by using facts and figures that have been sourced from an
authoritative source.
What should be referenced?
Information,
including facts and figures that has been paraphrased or summarised.
Ideas that
have been adapted from another's original idea.
You do not have
to acknowledge accepted beliefs or general knowledge.
How should you
reference?
Harvard system of
referencing within the text.
There are variations even with in the Harvard system. The important thing
to remember is always to be consistent in your referencing.
NB Not only do
you have to reference your source within the text you must
also reference in full in a reference or bibliographical list.
Quoting from one
page of a book or article with a single author
Bob Crowder (1999, p. 109) argues that
from the time of the industrial revolution and
particularly in recent years, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere has
increased markedly due to human activity.
(Author’ name integrated into the sentence).
It has been proven that the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere has
increased markedly due to human activity (Crowder, 1999, p. 109).
(Author’s name not integrated into the sentence).
Paraphrasing from
more than one page
Pyers (1996, pp. 25, 26). points
out that the conservation groups reject the argument
that wood chipping simply makes use of a waste material.
Reference to
argument of a whole work
Pyers
(2003) theme throughout his book “Chipping Away” is that the responsibility of
the removal
of our forests is in the hands of the consumer who demands wood and wood
products.
Reference to multiple authors
Smith,
Brown and Jones (2004, p. 62) state that interest rates will rise within the
next month
to counteract rising inflation.
Reference to a
corporate author
The
Family Law Court (2003) states that children are often seen
as "possessions" by parents and consequently their real needs are not
taken into account.
Reference to a
newspaper article
It
was reported in the Courier Mail (15 Feb. 2004, p3) that
..........................
Reference to a
document on WWW with a corporate author
The Human Rights
and Equal Opportunity Commission (n.d.)
states
that Racial discrimination can also
happen when a policy or rule has an
unfair effect on more people of a particular race, colour, descent, or
national or ethnic origin than others.
The vaccine, Gardisal® immunises
against four types of the human
papillomavirus (HPV); HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18. Types 16 and 18 account
for approximately 70% of cases of cervical cancer (WHQW 2007).
An author quoted in
the work of another
Peter
Smith (in Brown, 1974, p. 14) recommended that ICTs be made
an integral part of Middle School education.
Chemistry
As
demonstrated in Figure 2.2. (Smith, 2000) positive icons migrate
from left to right while nitrate ions migrate from right to left.
The Equations 2.4 and 2.5 ( Smith, 2000) proves ......................
The equation, Pb(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Pb²+ (aq)
+ 2AG (s) as outlined (1)
in Smith (2003) demonstrated lead will displace silver from solution to produce
silver
metal.
Referring to an equation in the
text: ...the coefficient 2 in equation 1....
L. Hughes 2004